Discourse, Ideology and Context

Teun Van Dijk

Abstract


ideologi merupakan sistem kepercayaan, keyakinan dasar; menyangkut gagasan-gagasan, dan representasi sosial tentang sejumlah hal yang dijadikan acuan bersama dalam kelompok. Ia akan terekspresikan dalam struktur wacana dan mengontrol pengetahuan yang dimiliki dan, terdistribusi dalam kelompok. Pemahaman biasa tentang ideologi adalah dengan mengkaji efek ideologi pada bentuk-bentuk wacana dan makna. fdeologi jJositifatau negatiftergantung pada konsekuensinya dalam praktik sosial. Orang membentuk model mental tentang peristitwa yang dipercakapkan dan peristiwa di mana ia berpartisipasi. Model mental adalah memori personal yang bersifat episodik. Dan, orang tidak berada dalam ruang hampa. fa berada dalam sebuah kontkes, yakni situasi subjektifdi mana ia berada atau terlibat. Konteks itu sendiri tidak statis. secara terus-menerus akan direkonstruksi dalam mental para partisipan. Untuk mendeskripsikan wacana, sebagai alat analisis, kategori-kategori kotekstual berikut dapat digunakan: domain, global action, roles, sosial relations, dan context. interpretasi para partisipan dan peneliti yang dihasilkan tak terhindarkan pada bias ideologi tertentu yang dianut, sehingga bersifat subjektif.

Keywords


Discourse, Ideology, and Context

References


Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., & Turner, B.S. 1980. The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London Boston: G. Allen & Unwin.

Aebischer, v., Deconchy, 1. P., & Lipiansky, E.M. 1992. Ideologies Et Representations Sociales. Ftibourg: Delval.

Argyle, M., Furnham, A., & Graham, J A. 1981. Social Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Auer, P., & Di Luzio, A. (Eds.). 1992. The Contextualisation of Language. Benjamins.

Augoustinos, M. 1998. "Social Representations and Ideology: Towards the Study ofIdeological Representations." In: flick, Uwe (Ed.), The Psychology o/the Social. (pp. 156-169). New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.

Bechtel, W., & Graham, G 1999. A Compendium to Cognitive Science. Oxford: Blackwell.

Brown, P, & Fraser, C. 1979. "Speech as a Marker ofSituation." In K. R. Scherer, & H. Giles (Eds.). Social Markers in Speech, (pp. 33-62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clark, H.H. 1996. Using Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Cicourel, A.V. 1992. ''The Interpenetration of Communicative Contexts: Examples from Medical Encounters." In Duranti, Alessandro, & Goodwin, Charles (Eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. (pp291-310). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Duranti, A., & Goodwin, C. (Eds.). 1992. Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge (England New York: Cambridge University Press.

Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Essed, P.1.M. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Farr, R. M., & Moscovici, S. (Eds.). 1984. Social Representations. Cambridge (Cambridgeshire New York Paris: Cambridge University Press Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme.

Forgas,1. P. 1979. Social Episodes: The Study of Interaction Routines. London New York: Published in cooperation with the European Association

of Experimental Social Psychology by Academic Press.

Forgas,1. P. (Ed.). 1985. Language and social Situations. New York, NY: Springer.

Fraser, C., & Gaskell, G. (Eds.). 1990. The Social Psychological Study of Widespread Beliefs. Oxford Oxford New York: Clarendon Press

Oxford University Press.

Fumham,A., & Argyle, M. (Eds.). 1981. The Psychology of Social Situations. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Ghadessy, M. (Ed.). 1999. Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam Philadelphia: 1. Benjamins.

Giles, H., & Coupland, N. 1991. Language: Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Gumperz, J.1. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J.1. (Ed.). 1982. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic - The Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnolp, Ltd.

Hymes, D. 1962. "The Ethnography of Speaking." In: T. Gladwin, & W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Anthropology and Human Behavior. 13-53. Washington DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.

Jaspars, 1.M.F., & Fraser, C. 1984. "Attitudes and Social Representations." In R. M. Farr, & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social Representations. 101-124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, L. 2000. "Immigration and Parliamentary Discourse in Great Britain: An Analysis of the Debates Related to the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act." In R. Wodak & T.A. van Dijk (Eds.), Racism at the Top. (pp. 283-310).

Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag.

Larana, E., Johnston, H., & Gusfield, 1. R. (Eds.). 1994. New Social Movement:. From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple Univ.

Press.

Larrafn,1. 1979. The Concept ofIdeology. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Leckie-Tarry, H. 1995. Language & Context: A Functional Linguistic Theory of Register. Edited by David Birch. London: Pinter

Martin, 1.R. (1992). English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Martin,1.R. 1999. "Modelling Context: ACrooked Path of Progress in Contextual Linguistics." In Ghadessy, M. (Ed.), Text and Context in

Functional Linguistics. (pp. 25-61). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

MoosmUller, S. 1989. "Phonological Variation in Parliamentary Discussions." In R. Wodak (Ed.), Language, Power, and Ideology. (pp. 165-180). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Ryan, B. 1992. Feminism and The Women sMovement. Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology, and Activism. London:

Routledge.

Scarbrough, E. 1990. "Attitudes, Social Representations, and Ideology." In Colin Fraser, & George Gaskell (Eds.), The Social Psychological Study of Widespread Beliefs. (pp. 99-117). New York, NY: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.

Schank, R.C, & Abelson, R.P. 1977. Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Hillsdale, N.J.

New York: L. Erlbaum Associates distributed by the Halsted Press Division of John Wiley and Sons.

Smith, D.E. 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology ofKnowledge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Spencer, J.W., & Gregory, M.J. 1964. "An Approach to the Study of Style." In Spencer, J. W.,

Enkvist, N. E., & Gregory, M. J. (Eds.), LinguisticsandStyle. (pp. 57-105). London: Oxford University Press.

Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. 1986. Relevance: communication and Cognition. Cambndge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Van Dijk, TA. 1993. Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Inc.

Van Dijk, TA. 1998. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Van Dijk, TA. 1999. "Context Models in Discourse Processing." In: van Oostendorp, Herre, & Goldman, Susan R. (Eds.), The Construction

of Mental Representations During Reading. (pp. 123-148). Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Van Dijk, TA. 2000. "On The Analysis of Parliamentary Debates on Immigration." In M.

Reisigl & R. Wodak (Eds.), The semiotics of Racism: Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis. (pp. 85-104).

Wish, M., & Kaplan, S. 1977. Toward an Implicit Theory of Interpersonal Communication. Sociometry, 40, 234-246.

Wodak, R. 1989. 1968. "The Power of Political jargon- A "Club-2" Discussion." In R. Wodak (Ed.), Language, Power, and Ideology. (pp.

-163). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Wodak, R. 1996. Disorders ofDiscourse. London: Longman.

Wodak, R., & Reisigl, M. 2000. "Discourse and Racism." In R. Wodak & TA. van Dijk (Eds.), Racism at the Top: Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European Countries. (pp. 31-44). Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag.

Wodak, R., & Van Dijk, TA. (Eds.). 2000. Racism at the Top: Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European Countries. Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag. 346




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v4i2.1030

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


 

   

 


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License