Blood Pressure, Total Cholesterol, and Triglycerides Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Score in Low 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Level among Online Motorcycle Drivers, Jakarta, Indonesia

Joice Viladelvia Kalumpiu, Elly Herwana, Yenny Yenny, Kurniasari Kurniasari

Abstract


Low 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with many chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease. Online motorcycle drivers spend prolonged hours on the road and may face many stressors and occupational hazards that can create the development of cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine factors contributing to cardiovascular risk among online motorcycle drivers. This study was an observational analytic with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected in September 2022  with consecutive random sampling methods for 114 subjects at Universitas Trisakti Jakarta. The ages of the subjects ranged from 25 to 62 years. Cardiovascular risk was assessed based on the Jakarta Cardiovascular Risk Score (JAKVAS). The data collection included physical examination and blood biochemistry (lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and 25(OH)D). The data were analyzed using a chi-square test with p<0.05. The majority of subjects were male 83 (72.8%). On blood pressure examination, mean systolic blood pressure was 128.9±16.7 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure was 86.7±11.9 mmHg. The mean cardiovascular risk was 4.4±2.8, and 52.6% had a high-risk score. All subjects had low 25(OH)D serum levels, with mean 25(OH)D serum levels of 18±5.7 ranging between 6.9 and 29.8. Among online motorcycle drivers, there was a significant association between blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglyceride with cardiovascular risk scores in low 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglyceride could affect cardiovascular health in low 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among online motorcycle drivers.

Keywords


25-hydroxy vitamin D; blood pressure; Jakarta Cardiovascular Risk Score; lipid profile; online motorcycle drivers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Cui A, Zhang T, Xiao P, Wang H, Zhuang Y. Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1070808.

Pulungan A, Soesanti F, Tridjaja B, Batubara J. Vitamin D insufficiency and its contributing factors in primary school-aged children in Indonesia, a sun-rich country. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021;26(2):92–8.

Poh BK, Rojroongwasinkul N, Nguyen BK, Sandjaja, Ruzita AT, Yamborisut U, et al. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D demography and the risk of vitamin D insufficiency in the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(3):538–48.

Muscogiuri G, Altieri B, Annweiler C, Balenciaga G, Pal HB, Bouncer BJ, et al. Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(1):97–107.

Bauersachs R, Zeymer U, Brière JB, Marre C, Bowrin K, Huelsenbeck M. Burden of coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease: a literature review. Cardiovasc Ther. 2019;2019:8295054.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2019.

Siadat ZD, Kiani K, Sadeghi M, Shariat AS, Farajzadegan Z, Kheirmand M. Association of vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery disease with cardiovascular risk factors. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(11):1052–5.

Elshatarat RA, Burgel BJ. Cardiovascular risk factors of taxi drivers. J Urban Health. 2016;93(3):589–606.

Ronna BB, Thiese MS, Ott U, Effiong A, Murtaugh M, Kapellusch J, et al. The association between cardiovascular disease risk factors and motor vehicle crashes among professional truck drivers. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(8):828–32.

Chen GX, Amandus HE, Wu N. Occupational fatalities among driver/sales workers and truck drivers in the United States, 2003–2008. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(7):800–9.

Shin SY, Lee CG, Song HS, Kim SH, Lee HS, Jung MS, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk of bus drivers in a city of Korea. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2013;25(1):34.

Putri FU, Dalimunthe NN, Ginting AR, Fujiati II. Cardiovascular risk assessment in type 2 diabetic patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. JETROMI. 2023;5(2):96–102.

Enko D, Kriegshäuser G, Stolba R, Worf E, Halwachs-Baumann G. Method evaluation study of a new generation of vitamin D assays. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2015;25(2):203–12.

Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18(2):153–65.

Achmad BF, Alim S, Kusumawati HI, Fitriawan AS, Kurniawan D, Kafil RF. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles in Indonesian athletes. OAMJMS. 2022;10(A):924–9.

Tiksnadi BB, Afrianti R, Sofiatin Y, Rhida A, Fihaya FY, Roesly RMA, et al. Gambaran profil risiko kardiovaskular berdasarkan Skor Kardiovaskular Jakarta pada kader kesehatan di Desa Cilayung Kecamatan Jatinangor. J Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;2(11):926–9.

Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang JL, Milenković D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ. 2018;360:j5855.

Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga AV, Capobianco AM. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(7):3866–76.

Gonzalez-Jaramillo N, Wilhelm M, Arango-Rivas AM, Gonzalez-Jaramillo V, Mesa-Vieira C, Minder B, et al. Systematic review of physical activity trajectories and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):1690–700.

Varghese T, Schultz WM, McCue AA, Lambert CT, Sandesara PB, Eapen DJ, et al. Physical activity in preventing coronary heart disease: implications for the clinician. Heart. 2016;102(12):904–9.

Whelton SP, McEvoy JW, Shaw L, Psaty BM, Lima JAC, et al. Association of normal systolic blood pressure level with cardiovascular disease in the absence of risk factors. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(9):1011–8.

Gallo G, Volpe M, Savoia C. Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension: current concepts and clinical implications. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:798958.

Matsuzawa Y. Is diastolic blood pressure key to detecting risk and preventing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? Hypertens Res. 2023;46(2):534–6.

Okamoto R, Kumagai E, Kai H, Shibata R, Ohtsubo T, Kawano H, et al. Effects of lowering diastolic blood pressure to <80 mmHg on cardiovascular mortality and events in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(5):650–59.

Peters SAE, Singhateh Y, Mackay D, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Total cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2016;248:123–31.

Jeong SM, Choi S, Kim K, Kim SM, Lee G, Park SY, et al. Effect of change in total cholesterol levels on cardiovascular disease among young adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(12):e008819.

Brown RA, Shantsila E, Varma C, Lip GY. Current understanding of atherogenesis. Am J Med. 2017;130(3):268–82.

Jung E, Kong SY, Ro YS, Ryu HH, Shin SD. Serum cholesterol levels and risk of cardiovascular death: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8272.

Ravnskov U, de Lorgeril M, Diamond DM, Hama R, Hamazaki T, Hammarskjöld B, et al. LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(10):959–70.

Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, Brinton EA, Toth PP, McEvoy JW, et al. Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):732–9.

Ouimet M, Barrett TJ, Fisher EA. HDL and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res. 2019;124(10):1505–18.

Liu C, Dhindsa D, Almuwaqqat Z, Ko YA, Mehta A, Alkhoder AA, et al. Association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populations. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(7):672–80.

Kim HJ, Jeong S, Oh YH, Park SJ, Cho Y, Park SM. Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of cardiovascular disease among initially high-density lipoprotein-high participants. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):71.

Peng J, Luo F, Ruan G, Peng R, Li X. Hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):233.

Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: new insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology. Circ Res. 2016;118(4):547–63.

Jiang X, Peng M, Chen S, Wu S, Zhang W. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study in 3788 subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(6):1059–63.

Dibaba DT. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(12):890–902.

Surdu AM, Pînzariu O, Ciobanu DM, Negru AG, Căinap SS, Lazea C, et al. Vitamin D and its role in the lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Biomedicines. 2021;9(2):172.

Park C, Guallar E, Linton JA, Lee DC, Jang Y, Son DK, et al. Fasting glucose level and the risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):1988–93.

Zuo Y, Han X, Tian X, Chen S, Wu S, Wang A. Association of impaired fasting glucose with cardiovascular disease in the absence of risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(4):e1710–8.

Higashi Y. Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial dysfunction-related disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(10):1958.

Gu JC, Wu YG, Huang WG, Fan XJ, Chen XH, Zhou B, et al. Effect of vitamin D on oxidative stress and serum inflammatory factors in the patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(5):e24430.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v12i1.12363

pISSN 2301-9123 | eISSN 2460-5441


Visitor since 19 October 2016: 


Free counters!


Global Medical and Health Communication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.