Hubungan Jenis Kelamin dan Usia Anak Satu Tahun Sampai Lima Tahun dengan Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA)

Abstract

Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) merupakan penyebab mortalitas utama pada penyakit menular di dunia. Hampir empat juta orang meninggal diakibatkan ISPA di dunia, angka ini terutama terjadi pada bayi dan anak. Sekitar 5% anak di bawah 5 tahun terkena ISPA di Indonesia. Jenis kelamin laki-laki, usia di bawah 5 tahun, dan riwayat berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) merupakan faktor host yang dapat mengakibatkan insidensi ISPA cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan jenis kelamin, usia, dan riwayat BBLR dengan kejadian ISPA pada anak usia 1–5 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi observasional analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional, data diambil dalam satu waktu. Variabel bebas dihubungkan dengan variabel terikat dengan analisis statistik uji chi-kuadrat. Data diperoleh dari kuesioner yang ditanyakan kepada orangtua  pasien. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Nurhayati Kabupaten Garut periode 1 April–14 Juni 2014. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 58% anak laki-laki menderita ISPA (p=0,002) dan laki-laki lebih berisiko terkena ISPA 1,839 kali dibandingkan dengan perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, 58% anak berusia 1–3 tahun menderita ISPA (p=0,003) dan anak usia 1–3 tahun lebih berisiko 1,77 kali dibanding dengan anak usia 3–5 tahun. Berdasarkan berat badan lahir, 66 dari 144 (47,1%) anak dengan berat badan lahir normal menderita ISPA (p=0,910). Simpulan, terdapat hubungan jenis kelamin dan usia dengan kejadian ISPA dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara riwayat BBLR dan kejadian ISPA pada anak usia 1–5 tahun.

THE CORRELATION OF SEX AND ONE TO FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI)

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major cause of mortality in infectious diseases in the world. About four million people around the world died caused by ARI, especially common in infants and children. About 5% of children under 5 years suffered from ARI in Indonesia. Gender male, under 5 years old and a history of low birth weight (LBW) are a host factor that can lead to a high incidence of ARI. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between gender, age and history of LBW with ARI incidence in children aged 1–5 years old. This study used an analytical method with a cross-sectional study design, where the data were taken at a time. The independent variable correlating with the dependent variable in the statistical analysis chi square test. The data were taken from a questionnaire that were asked to parents of patients aged 1–5 years. This study was conducted in the General Hospital Nurhayati Garut in 1 April to 14 June 2014. These results showed that 58% male children suffered from ARI (p=0.002) and male were more at risk for ARI 1.839 times compared to female. Based on the age, 58% children aged 1–3 years suffered from ARI (p=0.003) and children aged 1–3 years were more at risk for ARI 1.77 times compared to children aged 3–5 years. Based on birth weight, 66 of 144 (47.1%) children had normal birth weight suffered from ARI (p=0.910). In conclusions, there are a relationship between sex, age and the incidence of ARI and there is no relationship between a history of LBW and ARI incidence in children aged 1–5 years.