Bacteriological and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Urinary Tract Infection among Online Motorcycle Drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia

Ida Effendi, Thomas Robertus, Jihan Samira, Arleen Devita, Widyasari Kumala, Isa Bella

Abstract


Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that contributes significantly to morbidity rates. UTI is a health concern due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. Therefore, the profile of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility patterns are very important to know in order to make the best treatment choice. Working as an online motorcycle (ojol driver) carries a risk of urinary tract infections. Online drivers are assumed to often hold their urination for short or long periods. The descriptive study with a cross-sectional design was conducted to obtain the prevalence of urinary tract infections, bacteria profile, and antibiotic susceptibility in urine specimens collected from Jakarta ojol drivers in September 2022–March 2023. Of 98 midstream urine specimens, 17 samples are considered to have UTI (17.34%). The identification of the 17 isolates shows that the microorganisms' distribution was more likely to be caused by Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria (70.59%). The causative bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (17.65%), Escherichia coli (11.76%), and Enterococcus faecalis (11.76%). Our results showed that the prevalence of urinary tract infections in ojol drivers is high with the distribution of the causative organisms by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis and still showed good susceptibility to narrow-spectrum antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole.

Keywords


Antibiotic susceptibility; bacteria; ojol drivers; urinary tract infection prevalence

Full Text:

PDF

References


Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G, Maffei ME. UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections: virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1566.

Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–84.

Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC, Doerr C. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (nursing). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 [cited 2023 April 21]. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk568701.

Ipe DS, Horton E, Ulett GC. The basics of bacteriuria: strategies of microbes for persistence in urine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016;6:14.

Cai T, Bartoletti R. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in recurrent UTI - to treat not to treat. GMS Infect Dis. 2017;5:Doc09.

Hernández-Hernández D, Padilla-Fernández B, Ortega-González MY, Castro-Díaz DM. Recurrent urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2022;17(1):1–12.

Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM; Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Society of Nephrology; American Geriatric Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for diagnosing and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(5):643-54.

Crader MF, Kharsa A, Leslie SW. Bacteriuria. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 May 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482276.

Khan MI, Xu S, Ali MM, Ali R, Kazmi A, Akhtar N, et al. Assessment of multidrug resistance in bacterial isolates from urinary tract-infected patients. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2020;13(1):267–75.

Samirah S, Darwati D, Windarwati W, Hardjoeno H. Pola dan sensitivitas kuman di penderita infeksi saluran kemih. IJCPML. 2006;12(3):110–3.

Bhargava K, Nath G, Bhargava A, Kumari R, Aseri GK, Jain N. Bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection in the eastern part of Northern India. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:965053.

Maftuchan A, Djamhari EA, Thaariq RM. Policy Brief 08 - Pengemudi ojek daring dan kerja layak [Internet]. Jakarta Selatan: Prakarsa; 2018 [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://repository.theprakarsa.org/media/publications/293911-policy-brief-08-pengemudi-ojek-daring-da-377022e1.pdf.

Lean K, Nawaz RF, Jawad S, Vincent C. Reducing urinary tract infections in care homes by improving hydration. BMJ Open Qual. 2019;8(3):e000563.

Beetz R. Mild dehydration: a risk factor of urinary tract infection? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(Suppl 2):S52–8.

Mayangsari S, Sjakoer NAA, Lisminingsih RD. Prevalensi infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) pada pasien di Rumah Sakit Islam (RSI) Unisma Malang tahun 2018. E-JBST. 2021;6(2):34–9.

Rosana Y, Ocviyanti D, Akbar W. Bacterial susceptibility patterns to cotrimoxazole in urinary tract infections of outpatients and inpatients in Jakarta, Indonesia. Med J Indones. 2020;29(3):316–21.

Syaikacitta A, Diyantoro, Sundari AS, Indriati DW. The bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance among patients with urinary tract infection in Surabaya, Indonesia. Mal J Med Health Sci. 2020;16(Suppl 16):14–8.

Girma A, Aemiro A. The bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infection patients at Pawe General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Scientifica (Cairo). 2022;2022:3085950.

Pfaller MA, Cormican M, Flamm RK, Mendes RE, Jones RN. Temporal and geographic variation in antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of enterococci: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–2016. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(Suppl 1):S54–62.

Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(10):1221–36.

Zúniga-Moya JC, Bejarano-Cáceres S, Valenzuela-Cervantes H, Gough-Coto S, Castro-Mejía A, Chinchilla-López C, et al. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacteria in urinary tract infections. Acta Méd Costarric. 2016;58(4):146–53.

Beauduy CE, Winston LG. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and quinolones. In: Katzung BG, Trevor AJ, editors. Basic and clinical pharmacology. 14th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc.; 2018. p. 868–9.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v12i1.12311

pISSN 2301-9123 | eISSN 2460-5441


Visitor since 19 October 2016: 


Free counters!


Global Medical and Health Communication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.