Review Article: Peran Reactive Oxygen Species pada Patogenesis Preeklamsia
Abstract
Preeklamsia merupakan penyakit multifaktorial pada kehamilan yang ditandai dengan onset baru hipertensi pada kehamilan dengan atau tanpa proteinuria atau kegagalan organ pada usia gestasi lebih dari 20 minggu. Preeklamsia merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang memengaruhi 3–7% kehamilan di seluruh dunia. Patogenesis preeklamsia berkaitan dengan abnormalitas plasentasi akibat defek pada invasi trofoblas dan gangguan remodeling arteri spiralis pada uterus sehingga menyebabkan sirkulasi uteroplasenta yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan peran reactive oxygen species (ROS) pada patogenesis preeklamsia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan literature review dengan mengumpulkan beberapa hasil penelitian, yaitu berupa artikel yang kredibel dan lengkap seperti GoogleScholar, ScienceDirect, dan PubMed dengan kata kunci preeklamsia, reactive oxygen species, dan antioksidan. Assessment dilaksanakan berdasarkan kelayakan terhadap kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi didapatkan sebanyak 14 artikel yang digunakan dalam literature review ini. Dari 14 penelitian didapatkan 5 artikel ilmiah yang dijadikan sebagai acuan utama untuk diteliti pada literture review. Dari 5 penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ROS diperlukan pada awal kehamilan untuk proses angiogenesis dan proliferasi serta pematangan sel yang diperlukan untuk pemeliharaan kehamilan dan perkembangan embrio. Namun, peningkatan level ROS pada kehamilan lanjut dapat menyebabkan kondisi patologis. Simpulan pada penelitian ini adalah stres oksidatif merupakan penyebab utama pelepasan sitokin dan faktor antiangiogenik ke sirkulasi maternal sehingga menyebabkan disfungsi endotel dan inflamasi bersamaan dengan penurunan bioavaibilitas nitrit oksida (NO) dan disfungsi aktivitas endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) di plasenta.
Review Article: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease in pregnancy characterized by a new onset of gestational hypertension with or without proteinuria or end-organ failure after the 20th week of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality that affects 3-7% of pregnancies worldwide. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia is related to abnormal placentation due to trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling disorder in the uterus, thus causing poor circulation of the uteroplacental. This study aims to describe the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. This research uses the literature review method by collecting several research results, namely in the form of credible and complete articles such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, with keywords preeclampsia, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants. The assessment was based on the suitability of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for 14 articles used in this literature review. From 14 studies, five scientific articles were obtained, which were used as the primary reference for research in the literature review. These five studies show that ROS are needed in early pregnancy for the processes of angiogenesis and proliferation and cell requirements required for pregnancy maintenance and embryo development. However, increased ROS levels in late pregnancy can cause pathological conditions. This study concludes that oxidative stress is the leading cause of the release of cytokines and antiangiogenic factors into the maternal circulation, causing endothelial dysfunction and inflammation along with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in the placenta.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v7i1.14514
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