PENELUSURAN PUSTAKA: POTENSI KELOMPOK SENYAWA BIOKIMIA BUAH LEUNCA (Solanum nigrum L.) SERTA MEKANISMENYA PADA TERAPI KANKER

Andri Ryandi

doi:10.29313/jiff.v5i2.9759

PENELUSURAN PUSTAKA: POTENSI KELOMPOK SENYAWA BIOKIMIA BUAH LEUNCA (Solanum nigrum L.) SERTA MEKANISMENYA PADA TERAPI KANKER

Andri Ryandi

Abstract

Kanker adalah suatu kondisi pertumbuhan sel yang tidak normal di dalam tubuh. Terapi kanker dapat dilakukan melalui pembedahan yang disertai dengan kemoterapi dan/atau radioterapi. Diantara ketiganya, kemoterapi merupakan pilihan yang terbilang lebih mudah dijalani pasien, karena diberikan dalam bentuk sediaan yang tidak memerlukan tekhnik khusus dalam pengaplikasiannya. Meskipun begitu, efektifitas pengobatan dengan kemoterapi masih tergolong rendah, sehingga upaya pembuatan atau penemuan senyawa dengan efektifitas yang tinggi masih terus dilakukan. Mayoritas obat kemoterapi merupakan senyawa kimia sintetis, dan sampai tulisan ini dibuat, hanya ada empat kelompok senyawa biokimia antikanker yang paling efektif dan telah banyak digunakan, yaitu alkaloid vinca, epipodophyllotoxins, taxane, dan derivat camptothecin. Karenanya, penelitian terkait senyawa biokimia antikanker masih harus dikembangkan. Salah satu upaya untuk mengembangkan senyawa antikanker adalah dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap tumbuhan terkait kandungan senyawa biokimianya. Penelitian terhadap tumbuhan juga mampu memberikan nilai tambah terkait pemanfaatannya, terutama jika tumbuhan tersebut telah digunakan oleh masyarakat secara luas. Salah satu tumbuhan dengan potensi aktivitas antikanker adalah leunca (Solanum nigrum L.). Leunca telah banyak diteliti terkait aktivitasnya sebagai antikanker dan menunjukan hasil yang cukup baik. Buah leunca memiliki potensi sebagai antikanker karena kandungan kelompok senyawa khas didalamnya, meliputi kelompok senyawa alkaloid steroid, glikosida steroid, dan glikoalkaloid steroid. Mekanisme kerjanya berlangsung melalui beberapa cara, yaitu sebagai antiproliperatif, menginduksi apoptosis, antineoplastik, meningkatkan radiosensitivitas terapi kanker dan antimetastasis. Penelitian terkait buah leunca yang merupakan bahan pangan khas yang dikonsumsi secara tradisional dapat menjadi faktor pendukung bagi masyarakat dalam mengonsumsi panganan tradisional, karena selain didorong oleh budaya, lingkungan, atau kebiasaan, tapi juga secara ilmiah.

Keywords

solanum nigrum; antikanker; alkaloid steroid; glikosida steroid; glikoalkaloid steroid

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/jiff.v5i2.9759