Political Advertising: Strategi Partai Politik dalam Pemilu: Strategi Partai Politik dalam Pemilu

Zulfebriges Zulfebriges

Abstract


Perkembangan periklanan politik, terutama di negara demokrasi, mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat sejak kemunculannya pada awal tahun 1950 di AS. Efektivitasnya membuat kandidat dan partai politik yang bertarung tidak ragu mengeluarkan zaya jutaan dolar untuk mengungguli lawan politiknya. Berbeda dengan periklanan kontroversial, Periklanan Politik sering menyampaikan pesan-pesan politik yang bersifat negatif, mendeskreditkan lawan politik, sebagai cara mudah merebut suara pemrih.


Keywords


Political Advertising, Strategi Partai Politik, Pemilu

References


Ansolabehere, Stephen dan Shanto Iyengar. 1996. Winning, but losing: How negative campaigns shrink electorate, manipulate news media, http://pcl. stanford. edu/ common/docs/research/Iyengar/1996/ goingneg. html.

Berkovitz, Tobe. 1996. Political Media Buying A Brief Guide, http://www. ksg. harvard. edu/ case/3pt/berkovitz. html.

Gwiasda, Gregory W. 2001. Network news coverage of campaign advertisements: Media's ability to reinforce campaign messages, American Politics Research Volume 29 hal. 461-482, Thousand Oaks, United States.

Iyengar, Shanto. 2001 a. Cynicism and Choice, http://pcl. stanford. edu/common/docs/ research/Iyengar/2001/cynicismandchoice. Pdf

__. 2001b. The Method is the Message: the Current State of Political Communication, http://pcl. stanford. edu/common/docs/ research/Iyengar/2001/method. pdf.

Iyengar, Shanto. 2001c. Making Voters Autonomous: The Possibility of Unmediated Political Campaigns, Presented at the National Conference for Digital Government Research, Los Angeles, May 21-23, 2001, http://pcl. stan ford. edu/common/docs/research/ Iyengar/2001/autonomous. pdf

Iyengar, Shanto. 2001d. The Effects of Media-Based Campaigns on Candidate and Pemilih Behavior:lmplications for Judicial Elections, Prepared for the Symposium on Campaign Conduct and the First Amendment, Chicago, November 9, 2001. http://pcl. stanford. edu/common/docs/research/ Iyengar/2001/judicialelections. pdf.

Iyengar, Shanto. 2002. Experimental design for political communication research: from shopping mall to the internet, http://pcl. stanford. edu/common/docs/research/Iyengar/2002/ expdes2002. pdf.

Iyengar, Shanto and Markus Prior. 1999. Political advertising: What Effect on Commercial Advertisers?, http://www. stanford. edu/ %7EsIyengar/research/papers/advertising. html.

Iyengar, Shanto, Kyu Hahn, and Markus Prior. 2001. Has Technology Made Attention to Political Campaigns More Selective? An Experimental Study of the 2000 Presidential Campaign, http://pcl. stanford. edu/common/ docs/research/Iyengar/2001/selatt. pdf.

Kaid, Lynda Lee. Spring, 2002. Political advertising and information seeking: Comparing exposure via traditional and internet channels, Journal of Advertising Volume 31 hal. 27-35 Provo, United States.

McNair, Brian. 1999. An Introduction to political communication, London, Routledge.

Meirick, Patrick. Spring 2002. Cognitive responses to negative and comparitive Politikal advertising, Journal of Advertising Volume 31 hal. 49-59 Provo, United States.

Rahn, Wendy M dan Rebecca M. Hirshorn, J.D. 1999. Political advertising and Public Mood: Study of Children s Political Orientations, http://www. polisci. umn. edu/faculty/ wrahn/rahn. pdf.

Sadow , Jeffrey D. , Karen James. 2000. A Theory of Internet Political Campaigning: A Revolution that Isn't, Yet. , http://people. uis. edu/jsado l/uis/cwsp/swpsa00. htm.

Sadow , Jeffrey D. 2000. A Uses and Gratifications Theory of Internet Campaigning, http://people. uis. edu/ jsadolluis/cwsp/apsaOO. htm.

Won Ho Chang, Jae-Jin Park, and Sung Wook Shim. 1998. Effectiveness of Negative Political advertising, http://www. scripps. ohiou. edu/wjmcr/vol02/2-1 a. HTM, WJMCR2:1December 1998.

From Idea to Ad. 2001. http://www. pbs. org/ 30secondcandidate/text/from_idea_k ad/.

Political advertising What You Need To Know. 2002. http://www.ethics.state.tx.us/ pamphlet/polad. htm.

Tricks of the Trade. 2001. http://www. pbs. org/ 30secondcandidate/text/ tricks_of_the_trade.

Why we should get rid of Political advertising. 1999. http://www.salon.com/media/feature/ 1999/09/02/advertising/index 1. html.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v4i2.861

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




 

   

 


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a 
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License